HIstorical Building in Malacca Malaysia

                                      Declaration of Independence Memorial
 

Declaration of Independence Memorial

It is located in Malacca City and close to the historical effects such as A Famosa and Malacca Sultanate Palace replica. In front of this memorial is the Heroes Square. The building was built in 1911. Before the building was known as the Malacca Club. The building is also used for social activities by the bosses, and government officials in the British administration. After independence, the club is open to the public. Then on August 31, 1985, the building was turned into a memorial that includes all documents about independence.

Memorial was established to retrieve documents about the country's independence. In addition, the exhibition includes the building of the Malay Sultanate of Malacca to the Age of Malaya gained independence in 1957. The items on display include documents, photographs, maps, treaties, speeches, tape recordings, minutes of meetings, magazines, newspaper articles and materials related artifacts struggle for independence.

                                                              Stadthuys Building


Stadhuys versatile red and features a clock tower. 'Stadthuys ("town hall" in Dutch) is a historic building located next to Christ Church in Admiral Street, Malacca, Malaysia. The building was constructed in 1650 as the official placement of the Dutch Governor and Deputy Governor, in which the structure of this building symbolizes the delicate art of Dutch design.
The building also has his history in the field of education, which in the 19th century during the British rule, a school run by the friars known as the Malacca Free School was built in the compound Stadthuys. When the free education provided by the British. However, most of the students at the school consists of children of the wealthy Chinese.
Historical records show a letter dated 19 April 1825, stating the need to set up an English school in Malacca. The letter was sent to the council signed by representatives of the church, Mr. J. Humprey, JW Overee and A.W. Baumgarten. The school finally opened on December 7, 1826 with only 18 students. Malacca Free School Principal was Mr TH Moore.
Soon the number of students increased to 200. Study time from 9 am to 12 noon and from 2 pm continued till 4 pm. Malay student at that time not many because most parents send their children to Malay schools or religious schools. Although the language of instruction is English, other languages ​​such as English, Portuguese and Chinese are also taught.
In August 1878, the British government took over the administration of the schools of the clergy and called Malacca High School or High School Malacca. The new principal is Mr. A. Armstrong. In 1931, Malacca High School moved to its new site at Jalan Chan Koon Cheng until now. The building now houses the Museum of History and Ethnography. Daily display of this museum is the traditional wedding dress and artifacts from the golden age of Melaka.

                                                             A Famosa Building

A Famosa
Kota A Famosa (meaning "The Termashur" in Portuguese) was built by the Portuguese as soon captured Malacca in 1511. A Famosa is located in Lower Town, next to the replica of Melaka Melaka Sultanate Palace and St. Paul's Church. Paul. It is the oldest European architecture that still live in Asia.
After the capture of Portuguese A Famosa is the name of a fortress built by the Portuguese after conquering Malacca in 1511. Once they conquered Malacca, Portuguese uses forced labor to build fortifications to ward off attacks while the Malays, while they build the main fortress, dubbed "A Famosa", or is officially Fort Melaka (Fortaleza de low tide). Kota A Famosa take 5 months to be built. Temperature due to the heat and lack of food, many forced laborers who died while building the city. Materials to build the city taken from the ruins of mosques and other buildings.
Construction of A Famosa on the direction of Alfonso de Albuquerque said to be a symbol of resistance to the extent that time Melakans forcing the Portuguese to build a fortress as soon as they dominate the city.
Kota A Famosa which was completed with four towers, or ketelom (bastions), with a wall thickness of 2.4 meters to 4.5 meters. The towers are known as Baluarte San Pedro, Baluerte de las Virgenes, Baluerte Madre de Dios, Baluerte Santo Domingo, and Baluerte de Santiago. By the year 1583, Malacca has been a fortified city covered with seventy cannon in all directions.
A Famosa extended to nearby areas and covers European settlement. The area includes the City Road, Church Road, Court Road & Castle Street. Portuguese colonists also make this a Christian settlements with five churches, places of worship, monasteries, hospitals and so on. However, the city failed to prevent the Dutch in the 17th century. With the help of local people and the Malays of Johor, the attack was launched by the Dutch seized Malacca.
Conquest by the DutchKota A Famosa built so strong that it helped the Portuguese to repel all forms of attack. To conquer Malacca, blockade of the Dutch team for the past five months, while the people who are trapped in it had to eat cats, rats, and in one case a woman eating a dead baby. Finally, on January 14, 1641, the Dutch stormed through the door Santo Domingo Gate, which by that time suffered more than 7,000 victims, from starvation, disease and fire guns.
Kota A Famosa badly damaged in combat has been improved while the Porta de Santiago which is the main door was replaced with the logo of the Dutch East India Company. After conquering the city, the Netherlands, repair and modify, and put their arms above the gate which remains until now the Porta de Santiago, the only door of the survivors, with the engraving "Anno 1670".

Beijing National Stadium China

                            



Beijing National Stadium, officially the National Stadium, also known as the Bird's Nest (鸟巢 Niǎocháo), is a stadium in Beijing, China. The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.

 

 

History

Located in the Olympic Green, the stadium cost US$423 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a bird's nest. Leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project. The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadium's most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken on 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened on 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events, football and otherwise, after the Olympics.

Bidding

In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design. Multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a retractable roof, and low maintenance costs, were required of each design. The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs. Of the final thirteen, Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG), said after he placed the model of the "nest" proposal at the exhibition hall and saw the rival entries he thought to himself, "We will win this." The model was approved as the top design by a professional panel; however, it was later exhibited for the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design. The "nest scheme" design became official in April 2003.

Design and construction

Beijing National Stadium (BNS) was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach, artist Ai Weiwei, and CADG which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang. During their first meeting in 2003, at Basel, the group decided to do something unlike Herzog and de Meuron had traditionally designed. "China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium," Li stated. In an effort to design a stadium that was "porous" while also being "a collective building, a public vessel" the team studied Chinese ceramics. This line of thought brought the team to the "nest scheme". The stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet/birds apart a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it.

In an attempt to hide steel supports for the retractable roof, required in the bidding process, the team developed the "random-looking additional steel" to blend the supports into the rest of the stadium. Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl, each one weighing 1,000 tons. Despite random appearance, each half of the stadium is nearly identical. After a collapse of a roof at the Charles de Gaulle International Airport, Beijing reviewed all major projects. It was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the "nest" design, as well as 9,000 seats from the design. The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290 million, from an original $500 million. With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to seismic activity; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather. Enerpac was granted the contract to perform the stage lifting and lowering of the stadium roof as part of the construction process. Due to the stadium's outward appearance, it was nicknamed "The Bird's Nest". The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building. The use is a compliment Li explained, "In China, a bird's nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions.

Ground was broken, at the Olympic Green, for Beijing National Stadium on 24 December 2003. At its height, 17,000 construction workers worked on the stadium. Portraits of 143 migrant workers at the construction site were featured in the book Workers (Gong Ren) by artist Helen Couchman. On 1 January 2008, The Times reported that 10 workers had died throughout construction; despite denial from the Chinese government. However, in a story the following week, Reuters, with the support of the Chinese government, reported that only two workers had died. All 110,000 tons of steel were made in China. On 14 May 2008 the grass field of 7,811 square meters was laid in 24 hours. The field is a modular turf system by GreenTech ITM. Beijing National Stadium officially opened at a ceremony on 28 June 2008.

Features and events

The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines. A 24-hour per day rainwater collector is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium. Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and coldness in the summer to cool the stadium. The stadium's design originally called for a capacity of 100,000 people; however 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 would be shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Olympics; bringing the stadium's capacity to 80,000. The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 meters) from center field. Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.

Beijing National Stadium hosted the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, athletic events, and football final of the 2008 Summer Olympics from 8 to 24 August 2008. The stadium also hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics from 6 to 17 September 2008. Though designed for track & field events of the Olympics, the stadium will continue to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards. A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics. Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing.

 

Marina Bays Singapore

Marina Bay Sands is an integrated resort fronting Marina Bay in Singapore. Developed by Las Vegas Sands, it is billed as the world's most expensive standalone casino property at S$8 billion, including cost of the prime land.

With the casino complete, the resort features a 2,561-room hotel, a 1,300,000-square-foot (120,000 m²) convention-exhibition centre, the 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m²) The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands mall, a museum, two large theatres, seven "celebrity chef" restaurants, two floating Crystal Pavilions, an ice skating rink, and the world's largest atrium casino with 500 tables and 1,600 slot machines. The complex is topped by a 340m-long SkyPark with a capacity of 3,900 people and a 150m infinity swimming pool, set on top of the world's largest public cantilevered platform, which overhangs the north tower by 67m. The 20-hectare resort was designed by Moshe Safdie Architects. The local architect of record was Aedas Singapore, and engineering was provided by Arup and Parsons Brinkerhoff (MEP). The main contractor was Ssangyong Engineering and Construction

Originally set to open in 2009, Las Vegas Sands faced delays caused by escalating costs of material and labour shortages from the onset. The severe global financial crisis also pressured the company to delay its projects elsewhere to complete the integrated resort. Although Marina Bay Sands has been compared on scale and development costs to MGM's CityCenter, the latter is a mixed-use development, with condominium properties (comprising three of the seven main structures) being sold off.

The resort and SkyPark were officially opened on 23 and 24 June 2010 as part of a two-day celebration, following the casino's opening on 27 April that year. The SkyPark opened the following day. The theatres were completed in time for the first performance by Riverdance on 30 November. The indoor skating rink, which uses artificial ice, opened to a performance by Michelle Kwan on 18 December. The ArtScience Museum opened to the public and the debut of a 13-minute light, laser and water spectacle called Wonder Full on 19 February 2011 marked the full completion of the entire Integrated Resort.

The grand opening of Marina Bay Sands was held on 17 February 2011. It also marked the opening of the seven celebrity chef restaurants. The highly-anticipated Broadway musical The Lion King debuted on 3 March 2011. The last portion of the Marina Bay Sands, the floating pavilions, were finally opened to the public when the two tenants, Louis Vuitton and Pangaea Club, opened on 18 and 22 September 2011 respectively.